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Want to be your own boss? There are many benefits, including higher earnings, selecting who you work for, more flexible working hours, deciding how many days holiday to take and being able to focus on what you are good at.
However, as you are probably aware, it can also come with its own drawbacks: less security; no employee perks; no one to fall back on; having to source your own accountant; and having to find a new contract, once the current contract expires. If you are looking for someone to help you make the right decision and discuss the pros and cons in a friendly, no obligation environment, then by offering dedicated accountancy services to contractors, sub-contractors and freelancers, we believe we are in the best position to help you take this first, important step.
As a contractor, there are a number of important issues to consider, whether you are just starting out or have already started trading. Please click the items, below, to learn more:
This is a question that all new contractors ask: whether it is better to trade as a Sole Trader, through a Limited Company or an Umbrella Company.
There are pros and cons to all methods and so it’s important that you choose the right method for you.
As a Sole Trader, you do not have to take IR35 into consideration (as it is your customer’s responsibility to ensure you’re operating outside of IR35) and it is more tax efficient than an Umbrella Company, but less so than a Limited Company.
A Limited Company is the most tax efficient but there is a bit more work and more responsibilities compared to a Sole Trader. IR35 also needs to be considered if you have a Limited Company. An Umbrella Company is not very tax efficient but can be less hassle, which can be more convenient if you only have a short-term contract.
As a very basic summary, IR35 is a piece of legislation, designed to prevent contractors from acting as ‘disguised employees’.
This is when the relationship between the client and contractor is much the same as an employer/employee relationship and therefore, the contractor should be paid through the PAYE system. It’s imperative that you have an IR35 review to see if you are inside or outside of the legislation.
If you are caught inside IR35 but trade as though you are outside of it, then you are at risk of penalties, if HMRC should decide to look into your business in more detail. You may have underpaid NI, which may need to be backdated and paid to HMRC, along with further penalties and interest.
If you trade as a Sole Trader or through a Limited Company, you can often take home a substantial amount more, if you were to register for VAT (typically on the Flat Rate Scheme).
As long as your customers are VAT registered, they can reclaim the extra 20% you charge to them when submitting their own VAT returns, and as such it will not cost them anything extra.
If you were to register on the Flat Rate Scheme, you would then pay over a smaller percentage of the VAT collected from your customers and keep the remainder, resulting in considerable savings and larger profits for your business.
When using the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS), contractors must register with HMRC, verify subcontractors’ tax status, make deductions at source, submit monthly returns, and maintain accurate records.
Deduction rates vary based on subcontractors’ tax status, and compliance is crucial to avoid penalties. Subcontractors can apply for gross payment status for deductions exemption.
Regular updates on CIS legislation are essential, as non-compliance can lead to financial and legal consequences. Awareness of verification processes and adherence to record-keeping standards are key aspects for successful navigation of the CIS.
The Construction Industry Scheme (CIS) is a tax scheme in the United Kingdom that applies to construction work. It is designed to ensure that contractors and subcontractors in the construction industry comply with tax regulations. Here are key aspects of the Construction Industry Scheme:
Registration: Contractors and subcontractors in the construction industry must register with HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) for the Construction Industry Scheme.
Verification of subcontractors: Contractors are required to verify the tax status of their subcontractors by checking with HMRC. This helps ensure that subcontractors are correctly registered for tax purposes.
Deductions at source: Contractors are obligated to make deductions at source from payments made to subcontractors. These deductions are typically a percentage of the payment and are submitted to HMRC. The subcontractor receives the net amount.
CIS tax deduction rates: The rate of CIS deductions varies based on the subcontractor’s tax status. For registered subcontractors, the standard deduction rate is 20%, while unregistered subcontractors may have a deduction rate of 30%.
Monthly returns: Contractors must submit monthly CIS returns to HMRC, even if there are no payments to subcontractors in a particular month. The return includes details of payments made and deductions taken.
Record-keeping: Contractors and subcontractors must maintain accurate records related to payments, deductions, and other relevant information. Proper record-keeping is crucial for compliance with CIS requirements.
Compliance penalties: Failure to comply with CIS requirements can result in penalties. Contractors and subcontractors should be aware of the rules and deadlines to avoid financial and legal consequences.
Gross payment status: Subcontractors can apply for gross payment status if they meet certain criteria. This allows them to receive payments without deductions at source. To qualify, subcontractors must have a history of tax compliance and meet financial standards.
Verification process: Contractors need to verify subcontractors before making payments. The verification process involves confirming the subcontractor’s identity and checking their tax status with HMRC.
Changes in CIS legislation: The CIS legislation may be subject to changes, so it’s important for contractors and subcontractors to stay updated on any updates or revisions to the scheme.
The Construction Industry Scheme aims to prevent tax evasion and ensure that the correct amount of tax is paid by those working in the construction industry. It is important for contractors and subcontractors to understand and adhere to the rules outlined by the CIS to avoid penalties and maintain compliance with tax regulations.
To determine if you need to register for IR35, involves several key considerations:
Your employment status: You need to assess your employment status to determine if you fall within or outside the IR35 rules. This involves evaluating the nature of the working relationship, control, and other relevant factors.
Contract review: Thoroughly review your contracts to ensure they accurately reflect the working arrangements and do not inadvertently create an inside-IR35 status.
HMRC’s CEST tool: Utilise HMRC’s check employment status for tax (CEST) tool to assess the IR35 status of each contract. However, note that it has limitations and may not cover all scenarios.
Communication and documentation: Gather necessary information and document for the reasons behind the IR35 determination. Clear documentation is crucial in case of HMRC inquiries.
Tax implications: There are tax implications of being inside IR35, including the need for PAYE tax and National Insurance contributions. You should understand the financial impact on your income.
Consideration of Deemed Employment Payment (DEP): You need to understand the concept of Deemed Employment Payment (DEP) if you are deemed inside IR35. DEP is a hypothetical payment subject to tax and National Insurance.
Options for compliance: You will need to look at your options for compliance, such as restructuring contracts, negotiating terms, or considering alternative working arrangements.
Engagement model: Consider the engagement model (e.g., umbrella company, limited company) and assess its suitability in the context of IR35 regulations.
Ongoing compliance: Understand the importance of ongoing compliance with IR35 regulations and the need for regular reviews, especially when there are changes in contracts or working arrangements.
Professional advice: Ideally, you should seek professional advice from IR35 specialists, such as Fraser Russell, or legal experts to ensure accurate assessments and compliance with evolving regulations.
By considering the above, it will allow you to make informed decisions regarding IR35 registration and compliance.
When determining the best legal structure for a client’s business, we typically consider several factors to ensure tax efficiency, legal compliance, and alignment with the client’s specific needs. Here are some of the key considerations:
IR35 status: Assess the client’s IR35 status to determine the likelihood of being classified as inside or outside IR35. This classification can impact the choice of legal structure.
Tax efficiency: Evaluate the tax implications of different legal structures, including income tax, National Insurance contributions, and VAT. The goal is to optimise the client’s take-home pay.
Limited Company vs. Sole Trader/Umbrella Company: We compare the advantages and disadvantages of operating as a limited company, sole trader, or through an umbrella company. Consider factors such as administrative burden, liability, and tax advantages.
Business expenses: We review the types of business expenses you are likely to incur and assess how different legal structures allow for the deduction of these expenses, impacting overall tax liability.
Administrative burden: We consider the administrative responsibilities associated with each legal structure. Limited companies, for example, require more administrative work than operating as a sole trader.
Risk and liability: We evaluate the level of personal liability you are comfortable with. Operating as a sole trader may expose personal assets, while a limited company provides more protection.
VAT registration: We assess whether your income is likely to exceed the VAT registration threshold. If so, we consider the implications of VAT registration and whether it aligns with your business model.
Gross payment status under CIS: We determine if you are eligible and interested in obtaining Gross Payment Status under the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS). This status allows subcontractors to receive payments without deductions.
Your future plans: We discuss your long-term business goals and plans and consider whether the chosen legal structure aligns with scalability, potential changes in contracting status, or future expansion.
Legal and regulatory compliance: We help ensure that the chosen legal structure complies with all relevant laws and regulations. This includes understanding the obligations for tax filings, record-keeping, and reporting.
Client’s risk tolerance: We consider your risk tolerance and willingness to take on additional responsibilities. Some legal structures offer more protection but may involve more administrative burden.
Impact on pension contributions: We assess how the legal structure affects your ability to make pension contributions and take advantage of tax-efficient pension schemes.
Exit strategy: We discuss potential exit strategies and how easily you can close or transition the business if needed. Limited companies may have more complex dissolution processes.
By thoroughly considering these factors, we can guide you in selecting the legal structure that best suits your contracting business, taking into account both immediate and long-term considerations.
Keeping accurate and organised records is crucial for tax purposes. Here are key records you should maintain:
Invoices and receipts: Keep copies of all invoices issued to clients and receipts for business-related expenses. This documentation is essential for proving income and tracking deductible expenses.
Expense records: Maintain detailed records of all business-related expenses. This includes receipts for purchases, travel expenses, accommodation, meals, and any other costs directly related to your contracting work.
Bank statements: Keep copies of your business bank statements to track income and expenditures. These statements serve as additional evidence of your financial transactions.
Contractual agreements: Retain copies of all contracts and agreements related to your contracting work. These documents provide details about the terms of your engagements and can be crucial in case of disputes or audits.
Proof of income: Keep evidence of your income, including bank statements, payment receipts, and any other documentation that verifies payments received from clients.
IR35 determination documents: If your contracts fall under IR35 regulations, keep records of the determination process, including results from the Check Employment Status for Tax (CEST) tool or other assessments used.
VAT records: If you are registered for VAT, maintain records of all sales and purchases, including VAT invoices. This documentation is vital for completing your VAT returns accurately.
Mileage logs: If you use a vehicle for business purposes, keep a detailed mileage log. This is especially important if you plan to claim mileage allowances as a deductible expense.
Payroll records: If you have employees or use the services of an umbrella company, keep records of payroll transactions, including salary payments, tax withholdings, and National Insurance contributions.
Pension contributions: Maintain records of any pension contributions made on behalf of yourself or your employees. This documentation is important for tax planning and compliance.
Correspondence with HMRC: Keep copies of any correspondence with HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), including tax assessments, notices, and letters. This helps track communications and address any issues promptly.
Gross Payment Status Records (CIS): If you have Gross Payment Status under the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS), keep records related to your eligibility and compliance with the scheme.
Evidence of business activities: Maintain documentation that proves your business activities, such as project specifications, emails, and any other records that demonstrate the nature of your work.
Training and professional development records: Keep records of any training or professional development activities that are relevant to your contracting work. Some expenses related to training may be deductible.
Insurance policies: Keep records of your business insurance policies, including professional indemnity insurance and public liability insurance.
Tax returns and submissions: Retain copies of your annual tax returns and any other submissions made to HMRC. These documents provide a comprehensive overview of your financial activities.
Maintaining thorough and organised records not only ensures compliance with tax regulations but also facilitates accurate financial planning and decision-making for your contracting business. It’s advisable to keep both physical and electronic copies of these records in a secure and easily accessible manner.
Whether or not to register for Value Added Tax (VAT) as a contractor, depends on various factors. Here are key considerations to help you make an informed decision:
VAT threshold: Monitor your taxable turnover. If your annual taxable turnover exceeds the current VAT registration threshold of £85,000, you are required to register for VAT.
Voluntary registration: Even if your turnover is below the threshold, you can choose to register for VAT voluntarily. This may be beneficial if you want to reclaim input VAT on your business expenses.
Business expenses: Consider the nature of your business expenses. If you have substantial VAT on allowable business expenses, registering for VAT allows you to reclaim this input tax.
Client base: Assess the VAT status of your clients. If they are VAT registered and can reclaim the VAT you charge, it may be less of a burden for them if you are also VAT registered.
VAT-exempt supplies: Some services and goods are exempt from VAT, and if your primary offerings fall into this category, registering for VAT may not be as advantageous.
Impact on pricing: Evaluate how the inclusion of VAT in your prices might affect your competitiveness in the market. Being VAT registered means you need to charge VAT on your sales.
Flat rate scheme: Explore the Flat Rate Scheme (FRS) for VAT, which simplifies VAT reporting for small businesses. It involves applying a fixed percentage to your gross turnover, and you may be eligible to join if your turnover is less than £150,000.
International trade: If you engage in international trade, VAT rules can become more complex. Registration might be necessary for compliance with cross-border transactions.
Administrative burden: Weigh the administrative burden of VAT registration and compliance against the potential benefits. This includes keeping detailed records, submitting regular VAT returns, and dealing with VAT inspections.
Cash flow implications: Consider the impact on your cash flow. As a VAT-registered business, you collect VAT from your customers and pay it to HMRC. If your clients are slow in paying, this could affect your cash flow.
Sector-specific rules: Certain sectors have specific VAT rules. For example, the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS) has unique VAT rules that may impact your decision.
Future growth: Consider your business’s growth potential. If you anticipate crossing the VAT threshold in the near future, registering preemptively might be strategic.
Before making a decision, it’s advisable to consult with a tax advisor or accountant, such as Fraser Russell. We can provide personalised advice based on your specific circumstances, helping you understand the implications of VAT registration on your business.
It is a lot simpler than you may think. Simply, inform your tax adviser/accountant you want to move, and we will take care of the rest.
The ability to claim expenses is an essential aspect of optimising your tax position. However, the rules regarding expenses can vary based on your IR35 status and the nature of your work. Here are common expenses that contractors can potentially claim:
Travel expenses: Costs related to business travel, including train or bus fares, fuel, parking, and accommodation for overnight stays.
Subsistence expenses: Expenses for meals and accommodation while working away from your usual place of business.
Home office expenses: A proportion of household bills (e.g., utilities, rent, or mortgage interest) that relates to the space used for business purposes.
Equipment and Tools: Costs associated with purchasing or maintaining tools, equipment, or software necessary for your contracting work.
Professional fees: Payments for professional services, such as accountancy fees or fees for legal advice related to your contracting work.
Training and development: Costs of training and professional development directly related to your contracting work.
Business insurance: Premiums for business-related insurance policies, including professional indemnity insurance and public liability insurance.
Office supplies: Costs of office supplies, stationery, and other items necessary for your contracting work.
Marketing and advertising: Expenses related to marketing and advertising your contracting services, such as website costs, business cards, or online advertising.
Subcontractor costs: Payments made to subcontractors as part of your business activities.
Telephone and internet: Costs of business-related phone calls, as well as a portion of your home internet expenses if used for work purposes.
Uniforms and protective clothing: Costs of purchasing and maintaining uniforms or protective clothing required for your contracting work.
Deemed Employment Payment (DEP): If inside IR35, you may need to account for a Deemed Employment Payment (DEP) as if you were an employee. This is a hypothetical payment subject to income tax and National Insurance contributions.
Travel and subsistence restrictions (for Inside IR35): Inside IR35, restrictions apply to claiming travel and subsistence expenses for engagements deemed to be akin to employment. In these cases, the end client or agency may deduct tax at source.
Salary and employer’s National Insurance (for inside IR35): Inside IR35, contractors operating through a personal service company (PSC) are subject to PAYE tax and may also need to account for employer’s National Insurance contributions.
Receipts and records: Keep detailed records and receipts for all expenses claimed, as HMRC may request evidence during an audit.
Wholly and exclusively rule: Expenses must be incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes to be eligible for claiming.
Legal and professional advice: Seek advice from a tax professional or accountant to ensure compliance with current tax laws and regulations.
It’s crucial to stay informed about changes in tax legislation, especially considering the impact of IR35 on expense claims. Consulting with a tax advisor can help you navigate the complexities and ensure that you are maximising legitimate expense claims while remaining compliant with tax regulations.
The umbrella company model is a popular arrangement for contractors. Here’s an overview of how it works:
Contractor engagement: A contractor enters into a contract with an end client or recruitment agency for a specific assignment or project.
Umbrella company relationship: Instead of invoicing the client or agency directly, the contractor becomes an employee of an umbrella company. The umbrella company acts as an intermediary between the contractor and the client/agency.
Contractor employment: The contractor is employed by the umbrella company under a contract of employment. This means the contractor becomes a PAYE (Pay As You Earn) employee of the umbrella company.
Timesheets and expenses: The contractor submits timesheets and any eligible expenses to the umbrella company. The umbrella company then invoices the client or agency for the contractor’s services.
Payment from Umbrella Company: The umbrella company processes the payment received from the client or agency, deducts applicable income tax and National Insurance contributions (both employee and employer’s portions), and pays the remaining net amount to the contractor.
Employee benefits: As an employee of the umbrella company, the contractor may be entitled to certain employment benefits, such as holiday pay, statutory sick pay, and access to workplace pension schemes.
Tax and National Insurance Contributions: Income tax and National Insurance contributions are deducted at source, similar to a traditional employment arrangement. This simplifies the tax process for the contractor.
Expenses reimbursement: The umbrella company can reimburse certain allowable business expenses, such as travel and accommodation costs, to the contractor. These expenses are typically processed in accordance with HMRC guidelines.
Compliance and administration: The umbrella company is responsible for ensuring compliance with tax regulations, including processing payroll, submitting PAYE tax and National Insurance contributions, and managing other employment-related administrative tasks.
Flexibility and mobility: Contractors who work with umbrella companies enjoy flexibility as they can easily move between assignments and clients without the administrative burden of managing their own limited company.
IR35 considerations: Contractors using umbrella companies are generally less affected by IR35 legislation, as they are treated as employees for tax purposes. However, IR35 still applies to determine the tax status of the assignment.
It’s important for contractors to carefully choose a reputable umbrella company, such as Fraser Russell, and understand the terms of the engagement. While the umbrella model provides administrative ease, contractors should be aware of the fees charged by umbrella companies and ensure that they comply with all tax regulations.
Determining whether you are inside or outside IR35, involves assessing the nature of your contractual relationship and working practices. Here are key factors to consider:
Contractual terms: Review your contract with the client. IR35 looks at the overall terms of the contract, including clauses related to control, substitution, and mutuality of obligation. A contract with clear indications of an employment relationship may suggest you are inside IR35.
Control: Assess the level of control the client has over your work. If the client dictates how, when, and where you work, it may indicate an employment relationship and place you inside IR35.
Substitution: Consider whether you have the right to send a substitute in your place to fulfil the contract. The ability to provide a substitute supports the case for being outside IR35.
Mutuality of obligation: Evaluate whether there is a mutual obligation for the client to provide work and for you to accept it. A lack of mutuality, where you have the freedom to turn down work, may suggest you are outside IR35.
Financial risk: Consider the financial risk you bear in the engagement. Contractors outside IR35 typically take on more financial risk, such as covering their own business expenses and correcting errors at their own cost.
Business entity: If operating through a limited company, assess the overall setup and conduct of your business. Demonstrating that you are in business on your own account supports being outside IR35.
Part and parcel of the organisation: If you are treated as part and parcel of the client’s organisation, with access to employee benefits, facilities, or participating in company events, it may indicate an inside IR35 status.
IR35 Status Determination Statement (SDS): Some clients provide an IR35 Status Determination Statement (SDS) outlining their assessment of your IR35 status. However, it’s important to review the accuracy of this statement and not solely rely on it.
Working practices: Evaluate your day-to-day working practices. If they align more with an employee’s working practices, such as being integrated into the client’s team and following their policies, it may indicate an inside IR35 status.
HMRC’s Check Employment Status for Tax (CEST) tool: Use HMRC’s Check Employment Status for Tax (CEST) tool to get an initial indication of your IR35 status. However, note that it has limitations, and a comprehensive assessment is recommended.
Contractual arrangements with agencies: If you are engaged through an agency, understand the terms of your relationship with the agency. Ensure that the contractual arrangements are consistent with your IR35 status determination.
Historical assessments: Consider any historical assessments or determinations made for similar engagements. consistency in how you approach different contracts can strengthen your position.
Given the complexity of IR35 regulations, it’s advisable to seek professional advice from someone specialising in IR35, who can provide valuable insights and assistance in navigating the complexities of this legislation.
Preparing for an IR35 investigation is crucial, to ensure compliance with tax regulations. Here are steps you can take to be well-prepared:
Review contracts and working practices: Conduct a thorough review of your contracts and working practices. Ensure that they accurately reflect your true working relationship with clients and align with your status determination.
Seek professional advice: Consult with tax specialists or employment law experts to obtain professional advice on your IR35 status. We can provide guidance on compliance and help you understand potential areas of concern.
Use HMRC’s Check Employment Status for Tax (CEST) tool: Use HMRC’s CEST tool to perform an initial assessment of your IR35 status. While it has limitations, it can serve as a starting point and provide documentation of your efforts to comply.
Maintain detailed records: Keep meticulous records of your contracts, timesheets, invoices, and any communications related to your engagements. Detailed records can be crucial in demonstrating the nature of your working relationship.
Evidence of business practices: Collect evidence that supports your status as a genuine business. This may include business cards, marketing materials, a business website, and other documents that demonstrate you are in business on your own account.
Substitution clause: If possible, ensure that your contracts include a genuine and practical substitution clause. The ability to send a substitute is a key indicator of being outside IR35.
Financial independence: Highlight instances of financial risk and independence in your engagements. If you bear the financial risk, such as covering your own business expenses, it supports your case for being outside IR35.
Review IR35 Status Determination Statement (SDS): If your client provides an SDS, review it carefully. Ensure that the determination is accurate and in line with your assessment. If there are discrepancies, address them with your client.
Professional indemnity insurance: Maintain professional indemnity insurance as it can demonstrate that you operate as a genuine business and are aware of the potential risks associated with your work.
Keep up with IR35 legislation: Stay informed about any changes or updates to IR35 legislation. Being aware of the latest developments can help you adapt your practices and remain compliant.
Engage legal representation: In the event of an investigation, consider engaging legal representation experienced in IR35 cases. Legal professionals can provide guidance, negotiate on your behalf, and represent you during any hearings.
Cooperate with HMRC: If HMRC initiates an investigation, cooperate fully with their requests. Provide the necessary information and documentation promptly and transparently.
Prepare a defense document: Prepare a defense document that outlines the key reasons why you believe you are outside IR35. This document can be useful in presenting a well-organised case during an investigation.
Consider professional fee protection insurance: Professional fee protection insurance can cover the costs of professional representation in the event of an IR35 investigation. Consider obtaining this insurance to mitigate potential legal expenses.
By proactively taking these steps, you enhance your readiness for an IR35 investigation and demonstrate a commitment to compliance. It’s essential to approach IR35 matters with a thorough understanding of the regulations and seek professional advice when needed.
Yes, as a contractor, you can apply for Gross Payment Status under the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS) if you meet certain criteria. gross payment status allows contractors to receive payments from their clients without the standard deductions for tax and National Insurance contributions. Instead, the responsibility for paying these taxes is shifted to the contractor.
To qualify for Gross Payment Status under CIS, you generally need to meet the following requirements:
Compliance history: You must have a good compliance history, which means timely and accurate submissions of CIS returns and payments in the past.
Turnover threshold: Your business must have an annual turnover (excluding VAT) that meets or exceeds a specific threshold set by HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), currently set at £30,000.
Tax compliance: Ensure that you are up to date with your tax obligations, including income tax, National Insurance contributions, and VAT if applicable.
Verification of business: Your business must be verified by HMRC to ensure that it is a legitimate and bona fide business operating in the construction industry.
Business structure: The business structure must be suitable for gross payment status. For example, if you operate as a sole trader, partner in a partnership, or a company, you may be eligible.
Bank details: Provide accurate and up-to-date bank details for your business.
No unspent criminal convictions: Ensure that you and any relevant individuals within your business do not have any unspent criminal convictions related to tax or finance offenses.
Intent to carry out construction work: Your business must intend to carry out construction work in the UK.
To apply for gross payment status, you can use the online service provided by HMRC. The application process involves providing information about your business, financial details, and other relevant documentation. HMRC will then review your application and inform you of the outcome.
Keep in mind that holding gross payment status comes with additional responsibilities, including the need to manage your own tax affairs, submit accurate tax returns, and make payments to HMRC. It’s important to stay compliant with CIS regulations and fulfill your tax obligations to maintain gross payment status and is why it is always best to seek professional advice.
For the most up-to-date and accurate information on applying for gross payment status, it’s recommended to check the official HMRC website or consult with a tax professional who specializes in CIS.
Transitioning from permanent employment to contracting, involves careful planning and consideration of various factors. Here is a list of the areas you should consider making a successful transition:
Transitioning to contracting requires a strategic approach and a willingness to embrace the challenges and opportunities that come with self-employment. Seeking professional advice and staying informed about market conditions are essential for a successful transition.
Our financial advisors are here to support you. If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us and we will get back to you within 24 hours, but usually much quicker.
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